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| Carl Sagan's COSMOS is one of the most influential science programs ever made.
Q. Does the moon have a dark side?
A. The moon does have a far side which is impossible to see from the earth, but it doesn't mean that it's always dark. Each side of the moon is dark for no longer than 15 days at a time.
Q. Where does sound come from?
A. The air is always filled with sound waves. All things give off vibrations, but some have a low frequency which most cannot hear. The reason: it may take 3 minutes to make a single vibration. They may be caused by earthquakes and storms.
Did You Know?
The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket.
Coke-a-Cola was originally green.
Rubberbands last longer when refrigerated.
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Mapping Proteins: Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Discover a Better Way
to Decode the Protein Language
by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. CONTACTS:Jodi Ackerman
ackerj2@rpi.edu and Mohammed Zaki zaki@cs.rpi.edu
TROY, N.Y.-Two researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute are creating a faster, more efficient data-mining technique to determine basic rules of how proteins form. The researchers are Mohammed Zaki, assistant professor of computer science, and Chris Bystroff, assistant professor of biology.
Researchers can identify a protein's biological function, and therefore its specific role in disease, if they know the 3-D structure of a protein given its amino-acid sequence.
Twenty simple amino acids make up the "language" that forms the thousands of complex proteins in the human body. The idea is to discover how amino acids, or "letters," lead to "words" or common patterns to form proteins.
With that in mind, Zaki and Bystroff's approach involves creating a 3-D image of each known protein already recorded in the worldwide Protein Data Bank. The researchers then reduce the image to a simpler 2-D representation, called a "contact map." The 2-D map reveals the chemical and other interactions among amino acids-data that are difficult to extract from the more complex 3-D images.
The data are mined from the contact map is then transferred into a knowledge bank of "contact rules" and used to predict unknown proteins and even how novel proteins might form.
The research is funded under a three-year, $333,928 Early Career Principal Investigator Award from the U.S. Department of Energy.
The research will appear in the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) journal, Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics in early 2003. The work will also appear in 2003 in a chapter of a book, called Handbook of Data Mining (Publisher: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates).
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