by Robbie Mitchell
This paper examined potential threats to cell phone users via electromagnetic radiation (emr) waves being in close proximity to the human body, but especially to the human brain-the conductor for all human body functions. This danger emerges from high-speed, high-capacity technology of cellular phones evolving from an executive status symbol to an integral part of today's society. The first cell phones went on-line in the early 1980's but studies of possible hazards from emr wave interactions with the surrounding environment are few. The Consumer Affairs Commission (1999) and the US Food and Drug Administration research data proved inconclusive and void of possible emr interactions with the living systems of Earth's environment. Since their methods were not listed, this paper worked within the parameters of Einstein's (1905) theory of special relativity: no experiment-mechanical, optical, electrical, or any other physical characteristic-can be performed wholly within a closed system to reveal uniform motion of the whole system, only relative motions of parts of the same system can be detected by observations within the system. This paper relates the potential for emr waves to cause harm when interacting with several systems and provides indirect proof of emr hazards by examination of wave similarities within the systems.
This paper involved observation of potential pathways of electromagnetic radiation (emr) waves (a form of energy) to cause harm to cell phone users by interaction of several system relationships that involved matter and energy. This included Earth's outer and inner atmospheres and its surface and inner cores to the delicate system balances within the environment of the human body and brain. This paper explored the similarity of wave variation with different material make-up which may cause potential chemical changes in, or around, the human body. If a minute change at the start of a sequence of events causes major differences to later events, then to recognize and prepare for emr fallout is in our best interest. The past 20 years were the event horizon to a technological era, which included the cellular phone. Earth's orbit now houses 625+ satellites and tons of human and space waste which is continually subjected to interference. There are plans for more space stations which communicate directly with cell phones and computers and this will require understanding any possible interaction between matter and energy with emr involvement or presence. Working within similarities of systems, this paper provides indirect proof of emr's potential threat to pose harm to cell phone users.
The Presumed Balance:
The primeval atmosphere held all creating elements for life, as we understand it, but it was an electrical spark-the basic property of all matter-that activated our present life-sustaining atmosphere. The 2 most important elements in our atmosphere are oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N). O2 makes up about 60% of the human body weight, along with about 1/2 of the Earth's crust. N, which is valuable to all life since it dilutes O2 and slows down the oxidation process, makes up about 80% of the atmosphere. If the atmosphere lacked either element, life, as we understand it, would not exist. O2 and N have a delicate balance in Earth's atmosphere, so any change may cause a living system to decay or to perish. Normally, N will only combine with other elements by high temperature, or high pressure, and normally, O2 will provide energy for the body and maintain the correct body temperature. In most O2 reactions with the elements, heat is released; however, when O2 and N combine to form nitric oxide, heat is adsorbed. A combustion is not limited only to the elements, but it always involves light (a form of emr). Light can be produced in many ways. One example: Light is produced by a metal filament in an electric lamp when the wire is heated by electrical current that flows through it. The wire will resist and overcome the current with electrical energy converted into heat and light.
A temperature change will affect all wave types. The Consumer Affairs Commission (1999) found current thermal guidelines associated with emrs as irrelevant, since cancer and Alzheimer's are associated with non-thermal emr effects. Heat induction is not accumulative, but a problem will arise with heat presence and heat loss within air movement of the system. Cell phones emit radio frequency energy (radio frequency radiation) in the microwave range of the light spectrum even when in a stand-by mode. As a solid, the human body is subjected to the same criteria and this will cause the body's surface area to become unbalanced which will allow the adsorption of electrical charges. The US Food and Drug Administration. (2000) acknowledged a potential for heat damage danger to the human biological system, but were uncertain to what extent, or what mechanisms were responsible and/or affected. The FDA did absolutely conclude,"...available science does not allow us to conclude that mobile phones are absolutely safe, or that they are unsafe."
The Uncertainties of the Nature of the Problem:
O2, N, and all the other elements are in continual atmospheric turmoil because of the sun's heat and earth's tilted rotation. This action will result in 300,000 Americans a year being diagnosed with skin cancer, a form of emr waves. (American Cancer Society, 1994). The is the first noticeable system interaction which involved emr participation. This occurs because emr waves become dust particles in the atmosphere and sand particles in earth's water. This continual molecule collision will produce emrs as radiant energy-which activate certain light-absorbing reactions that interfere with brain and body functions, when transformed into motion. Also, earth's magnetic fields are tumultuous and ever-changing. Broadcasting and aviation fields must operate through antennas which are subjected to the sun's magnetic storm disturbances and solar winds. Most of earth is protected, but it, too, is subjected to continual weakening and strengthening of the suns's magnetic field. This interferes with the antenna signal of a cell phone transmitter site-which in order for a cell communication to occur, will require frequencies between 400 and 1900 to be carried. The Hertzian wave-a form of emr used in communication of radio and cell phones-is produced from the irregular fluctuations (or flux) of electricity. Electrical current can generate its own magnetic field and magnetism itself can produce electricity, e.g.: a small magneto gas engine whose magnetic field induces a current in a primary coil creates a field around both coils. At maximum current, the primary circuit is broken, electrons will not flow, the magnetic filed will collapse, and the collapse will induce high voltage in the secondary coil igniting the fuel. Similarly, a change in the O2 and N content of the atmosphere could cause combustion in stoves and furnaces. Cell phone users are cautioned to stay away from fueling areas, air containing grain, dust, or metal powders, since the phone, or its accessories could generate a fire or an explosion.
Earth's fields of magnetism occur underneath its surface-the core. The solid iron inner core is surrounded by an outer core of liquid iron rotating from west to east. This produces a powerful electrical current, up to a billion amps, proven by Glatemaier and Roberts (1995), which is potentially capable of interfering with what scientists refer to as "magnetic brain regions". The fields of electricity and magnetism are capable of interaction and interference with a surrounding system and has been known since Michael Faraday proved that magnetism produces electricity. If a magnet is moved past a wire, an electrical current will move through the wire; if a magnet is tapped close to the wire, the current is interrupted. Accordingly, electricity flows only if the magnetic field or lines of force have been cut by the wire. A standard caution pamphlet is included with a cell phone purchase, and the cautions specify extreme care when near electronic doors, pacemakers, or any electronic equipment.
Earth is home to hundreds of thousands of miles of heavy duty electrical distribution lines, as many transmitter sites, and hosts of nuclear power plants. A cell users' personal space contains electrical wiring, computers, TV's, satellite dishes, microwaves, etc. The heat emitted from these items is adsorbed into the users' environment which adds to the amount of time a user is exposed to emr waves. Although emr types and usages change monthly, a biological system will rely upon thousands of years of environmental irritability to adjust or to survive any potential threat.
The Potential Pathways of Emrs to the Human Body
Nichols and Hull (1901) demonstrated radio waves, radiant heat, UV light, visible light, infrared radiation, and X-rays as alike, except for frequency and wavelength differences. Life, as we understand it, is only capable of existence within a small slot of this color spectrum, but when a brain responds to frequency and wavelength, it is unable to distinguish a color from a wavelength. Maxwell (1865) proposed that light and other forms of radiant energy must exert some pressure upon any surface it touches. This is the method used by the brain to respond to frequency. and wavelength: pressure. When the brain senses this pressure (impulse), it is interpreted only as a sensation of color with each color responding to its personal e-mail address. Usually, each sense organ responds to only 1 type of stimulus: (1)eyes respond to light waves; (2) ears respond to sound waves; and (3) chemoreceptors respond to chemical molecules. The brain will respond to each and every pressure sensed as a sensation of color. If a cell phone is placed to the ear, the brain will interpret it as a sensation of a color. Examples: If the brain senses the color blue, it will produce the wavelength associated with the color blue and will respond accordingly; if the brain senses the color red, it will produce the wavelength associated with the color red and will respond accordingly. As a result of the brain's response mechanisms, light presence will not be needed to produce the wavelength and frequencies associated with emrs'.
Since brain cells receive nutrients and energy from blood and body fluids, any change in the blood and body fluid environment concerned with volume, pressure, temperature., or chemical reaction will pose potential harm, or death, to brain cells. The normal blood volume of a body is about 5 liters, and the brain requires a continuous supply of glucose from this volume to give energy to its nerve cells. Any parting from the body's normal blood O2, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or intra- and extracellular fluids poses a threat to brain cell health. Since the brain will react to each and every external stimulus sensation, the already sensitive tolerances will become even more sensitive. Any interruption to the brain's closely and tightly controlled environment is capable of producing permanent brain damage. These findings were shown in 1998 by Dr. George L. Carlo, who conducted experiments which showed the potential of emrs to weaken and damage this blood-brain barrier by cell phone stimulation.
Water-with a tendency to orient its molecules in an electrical field-comprises about 70% of body fluids. The chemical changes necessary for energy release occur within intra- and extracellular fluids. This region will allow a nerve impulse to become the chemical-electrical messenger of the brain-with an "all or none" attitude. Since a nerve fiber is only capable of varying its effect on body tissues by changing the frequency of an impulse contraction, the source and type of wavelength may cause negative health effects over the life span of a user. The National Institute of Mental Health (1999) conducted studies of chemical changes within the brain due to physical/chemical/emotional stressors that suggest the potential for damage to the memory and problem solving areas of the brain. This included studies of fast-paced participants-some were studied after having stress related episodes, and others are still being studied to document changes in health related to a fast-paced life style. The use of cell phones in a fast-paced, rat-race society are considered sources of stress.
Princeton molecular biologist, Joe Tsien (1998), indicated changes in the brain also occur when we hear, learn, react and remember new things. This connection and strength between new cells may be altered by N-methyl D-asparte (NMDA) sitting on the dendrite ends of a nerve cell waiting to respond to any incoming signal-pressure or impulse-by releasing calcium. As a cell talks with a neighbor cell, NMDA receptors send calcium ions into the host cell allowing for easier turn on with each successive occurrence. This is similar to making a thermostat more sensitive to minor temperature. changes. Calcium-a good conductor of electricity-composes about 3% of the Earth's crust and combines readily with O2 and N. The body's calcium metabolism is controlled by the thyroid and parathyroid glands and is crucial for learning ability and body functioning. These 2 glands reside within the body area most affected by emr waves-the neck area where a cell phone is placed will imply a pressure point to the brain. If the body depends on outside energy sources for the power to perform mechanical work, then is it not also possible that too much outside energy may be just as threatening?
Studies by Dr. Lai and N. P. Singh (1994), showed that any sequence of external/internal experiences, which may induce a lasting nervous system modification, pose a threat to the human DNA structure. An overexposure to cellular and PCS frequencies can cause breaks in single and double DNA strands. This has resulted in an increase of B-cell lymphoma production which causes interference to the body's immune system's production of B-lymphocyte antibodies. Of special importance was the possible negative effect to the recently discovered protein known as interferon which is considered to be a natural inhibitor of viral diseases, e.g., hepatitis, herpes, influenza, and the common cold. This study did confirm a tripling of neurocytoma cancer incidents related to emr exposure which Dr. Lai attributed as the brain's response to a stressor. When a system in equilibrium is subjected to a stressor, equilibrium is shifted in a direction to relieve or counteract the stressor. Since the brain now has a daily, personal relationship with emr waves, it responds in the only way it understands-create more surface area to handle the excess stimulation. The study indicated that right-handed cell users had right-sided brain tumors and that left-handed cell users had left-sided brain tumors. At this point in cell phone history the brain regards emrs as a threat. Could a serious study of emr interactions now provide later generations with solutions to these ill-effects? For now, the brain responds negatively to this overexposure of emrs by sprouting cancerous buds and spines.
The Quantitative Nature of the Problem:
Cell phones, the most consistent form of emrs to users, interact with a user's ear, currently the most consistent and venerable pathway of emrs into the body's system. The ears collect and transmit incoming signal waves to an air-filled chamber where amplification may be as much as 90%. As the middle ear muscles contract, the eustachian tube acts as a safety device to equalize pressure. Since the middle ear contains fluid, pressure is equal in force in all directions with the pressure vector perpendicular to the surface. A sound wave is longitudinal and emr waves are transverse. As these sound vibrations excite air molecules, a periodic change in air pressure will occur. Each ear has areas to amplify, to receive, and to sort vibrational disturbances with 24,000 sensory hair cells loaded with the chemical calcium carbonate.When the air pressure change reaches the eardrum, it will vibrate at the same frequency. as its source and will be transferred to the brain as a sensation (pressure). Any displacement will start a wave with increasing amplitude that will result in friction or mechanical energy and will create a low-pressure state within this area. When a cell phone is placed against the ear, it can potentially cause an air disturbance which may be changed into a pulsating electrical signal.
Listening involves speaking, and the voice is often regarded as being similar to wind and string instruments because of a pair of vibrating muscle bands-the vocal chords. When a user speaks, the vocal chord muscles change in length, stretching force, and thickness. This complicated system of a user's voice (in physics it's considered simple harmonic motion) will involve the use of the mouth, throat, nose, lips, tongue, and power received from the lungs. Although the human body surface houses about 1/2 million separate stimulus sensitive areas, the majority of these sensitive areas reside on the lips, tongue, and fingertips. These 3 areas are used at one time when holding a cell phone-each area transmits a signal to the brain and each is in continual motion.
A change in the sound of voice characters is accomplished when the vocal chord muscles are changed in width-from place to place-in the neck/throat areas. This quick change of speech sounds will also result in a quick change of sound wave frequency. (Body size is a determining factor in regulating high frequency. limits within the body.) Experimental studies show these changes as dependent upon the amount of power a voice uses in a particular frequency-loud, angry, soft, etc. A problem will arise with the rapid and continual frequency. changes within a small amount of time. This disturbance can produce problems to the users' sense of balance and rotation. Calcium carbonate (discussed earlier) crystals use the stimuli of the 24,000 sensory hair cells to relay to the brain the body position relative to the force of gravity. For an action potential to occur, energy must be made available, either from the inner body fluids or an external trigger. The common pathway of the body's energy source is through the lips, teeth, and tongue-which begin the digestive process. As with all muscles groups, the vocal chord muscles are subject to fatigue from continuous stimuli. In muscle group functions, the body changes glycogen into lactic acid allowing muscle contraction. If this acid builds-up in the system, the result is fatigue. Counteracting this fatigue is only accomplished by energy received from O2. If lactic acid is allowed to accumulate in the muscles, the user's body endurance level is exceeded resulting in physical weakness until the muscles receive the energy needed to counteract this process. Remember that the brain responds to pressure as a sensation of color. Example: If your bank account is overdrawn (not enough energy), your account will show the color "red" to show this deficit; if you want to return your account to equilibrium, you are required to add energy to the account. When the account is balanced, it will be printed in the color "black."
Understanding Pathways of Frequency Transmissions:
Frequency. modulation is transmission of the amplitude of a carrier wave remaining constant; however, a voice wave activates an electrical system that will vary a wave carrier frequency. in response to a voice wave. Emr waves are received from a transmitting antenna that radiates in all directions. A wave going toward or below the horizon may be a wave, but is only received when a receiving antenna-primary emr source of cell phones-is near a transmitter site. Ground waves are naturally disturbed by the Earth and radio waves are only capable of travel because of the atmospheric structure. As the wave source distance increases, the original energy is spread over a larger wave surface which will require the use of a radio receiver to amplify. This resonance uses small energy amounts to produce large amplitude oscillations that allow small energy amounts to produce large amplitude vibrations. A negative resonance effect was documented at Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Puget Sound, Washington, on Nov. 7, 1940. The gusting winds set-up vibrations which eventually matched the natural resonance of the bridge and caused the bridge to collapse. All objects-body parts included-have a natural frequency. that depends on structure, physical dimensions, and type of material: the human stomach is 3Hz.
Visible light-a transverse wave-has frequency. that range from the color "red" to the color "blue". FM and AM radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, and gamma rays travel at the speed of light. Emrs are produced by the exciting of electrons into oscillatory motion which create electrical and magnetic fields also traveling at the speed of light. The oscillation frequency. determines the wave nature, and the receiver responds with the same frequency. oscillations: (1) An FM wave has constant amplitude but variable frequency; (2) an AM wave has constant frequency. but variable amplitude. A magnetic field is strongest near an antenna with the flux direction determined by electron flow direction within the antenna. If a cell phone is placed on the head's right side, this force is pushed to the left and vice-versa. This movement is created from unbalanced forces: if a system provides for a force increase, there will be a decrease in length; if the system provides for a decrease in force, there will be an increase in travel length. If a current-carrying wire is a coil, the entire coil becomes magnetic to create a magnetic field that allows a single magnetic field to form around the coil. This magnetic flux is capable of combination, which can create one extra large magnetic field that will cause the coil to become electromagnetic.
Indirect Proof of Emrs Potential for Health Hazards:
The case studies used as resource material in this paper were performed on lab rats and mice with a total study period of approximately 3 years or less. Outlines of the methods used were not given, and a serious study of emr interference to the health of a body was overlooked. When viewed on the table of time, 3 years is unnoticeable and offers little support to any of the studies. Also, as of today, lab rats and mice that talk with their financial advisor by cell phone or that carry laptop computers to buy and sell stocks, has not been proven. Mankind generally require an epidemic to threaten millions of people before considering spending the millions necessary to find the cause.
The studies also lacked specifics guidelines and chose to study only 1 source or pathway of emr interactions with body systems. This lack limited test results by eliminating all possible harmful effects or in obtaining accurate results. By following the special theory of relativity, this paper shows the potential pathways for emrs to enter a body and the potential for harmful effects to the body. This was accomplished by showing uniform motion of waves, the similarities of emr wave effects on all living systems, and showing the results of emr interaction within that system. The 4 most obvious factors discovered, but most consistent with available data: air, water, calcium, and electricity. My conclusions are based on these 4 factors and adding the general theory of relativity, including relativity of length, time, mass, and energy. Under normal conditions air, water, calcium, and electricity lack definite compositions. However, each is subjected to change from chemical reactions, each is subjected to electrical and magnetic fields, and each can pose a negative effect to the human body and brain when the body's naturally healthy state is compromised by continual outside stimuli. Several definite threats and consequences have been shown and researchers can learn from testing these observations. This is best left to one not planning to major in the field of business and finance. Until the effects of emrs are seriously studied, we may view ourselves as a tightrope walker arrogant enough to believe we have had enough experience to tightrope walk without the rope.
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